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The central issue of economic history and of economic development is to account for the evolution of political and economic institutions that create an economic environment that induces increasing productivity.

經濟史和經濟發展的核心問題是解釋政治和經濟制度的演變，這些制度創造了一個誘導生產率提高的經濟環境。

道格拉斯·諾斯

Economic growth occurs when the existing constraints are loosened, allowing individuals to pursue opportunities that were previously unavailable.

當現有約束被放松時，經濟增長就會發生，這使得個人能夠追求以前無法獲得的機會。

道格拉斯·諾斯

The inability of societies to develop effective, low-cost enforcement of contracts is the most important source of both historical stagnation and contemporary underdevelopment in the Third World.

社會無法發展出有效、低成本的合同執行機制，是歷史上停滯和當代第三世界欠發達的最重要根源。

道格拉斯·諾斯

The key to economic performance is the adaptive efficiency of institutions.

經濟表現的關鍵在于制度的適應性效率。

道格拉斯·諾斯

Economic growth occurs when the existing constraints are altered in such a way as to permit more efficient organization of economic activity.

當現有約束被改變以允許更有效的經濟活動組織時，經濟增長就會發生。

道格拉斯·諾斯

The incentives that shape the direction of economic activity are a function of the institutional framework.

塑造經濟活動方向的激勵是制度框架的函數。

道格拉斯·諾斯

The history of the economy is largely a story of institutional evolution.

經濟的歷史在很大程度上是一個制度演化的故事。

道格拉斯·諾斯

Institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction.

制度是一個社會的游戲規則，或者更正式地說，是人為設計的約束人類互動的框架。

道格拉斯·諾斯

The key to Nudge is to make the right choice the easy choice.

推動的關鍵在于讓正確的選擇變得容易。

理查德·塞勒

People are not dumb. The world is hard.

人們并不愚蠢，只是世界很復雜。

理查德·塞勒

The key to nudge is to make the desired behavior more salient, easier, and more attractive.

推動的關鍵是使期望的行為更加突出、更容易和更有吸引力。

理查德·塞勒

If you want people to do something, make it easy.

如果你想讓人做某事，就讓它變得簡單。

理查德·塞勒

The point is that the effects of government policies that alter incentives—whether through taxes, subsidies, or regulation—are often very different from what the proponents of those policies claim.

關鍵在于，政府通過稅收、補貼或監管改變激勵的政策效果，往往與政策支持者聲稱的大不相同。

保羅·克魯格曼

The point is that the effects of government spending depend on the state of the economy.

關鍵在于政府支出的效果取決于經濟狀況。

保羅·克魯格曼

The degree of market failure is never zero, but neither is the degree of government failure.

市場失靈的程度永遠不會為零，但政府失靈的程度同樣如此。

喬治·斯蒂格勒

The most important single central fact about a free market is that no exchange takes place unless both parties benefit.

關于自由市場最重要的一個核心事實是，除非雙方都受益，否則交易不會發生。

喬治·斯蒂格勒

The scientist is not content to stop with the obvious.

科學家不滿足于停留在表面現象。

喬治·斯蒂格勒

The degree of market failure is not a sufficient condition for government intervention.

市場失靈的程度并不是政府干預的充分條件。

喬治·斯蒂格勒

Competition is a tough weed, not a delicate flower.

競爭是一種頑強的野草，而非嬌嫩的花朵。

喬治·斯蒂格勒

The public interest theory of regulation holds that regulation is supplied in response to the demand of the public for the correction of inefficient or inequitable market practices.

監管的公共利益理論認為，監管是為了回應公眾對糾正低效或不公平市場行為的需求而提供的。

喬治·斯蒂格勒

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